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Ecommerce Security

SECURITY THREATS IN E-COMMERCE

•Three key points of vulnerability:
Client
Server
Communications channel
•Most common threats:
1.Malicious code
2.Unwanted Programs
3.Phishing & Identity theft
4.Hacking and cyber vandalism
5.Credit card fraud/theft
6.Spoofing (Pharming) & Spam (Junk) Web sites
7.Denial of service (DOS) & Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS) attacks
8.Sniffing
9.Insider attacks
10.Poorly designed server and client software

Malicious Code

•Malicious code also referred as malware includes a variety of threats such as viruses, worms, Trojan horses, & bots.
•Malicious code in the past often was intended simply to impair computers & was often authored by a lone hacker but increasingly the intent is to steal e-mail addresses, logon credentials, personal data & financial information.
•Malicious code is used to develop integrated malware & networks that organize the theft of information & money.
•VIRUSES:A virus is a computer program that has the ability to replicate or make copies of itself, & spread to other files.

Types of VIRUSES:

•Macro Viruses
•File-infecting viruses
•Script viruses
•Worms
•Trojan Horse
•Bots

a) Macro Viruses
•They are application specific, meaning that the virus affects only the application for which it was written such as MS Word, Excel or PowerPoint.
•When a user opens an infected document in the appropriate application, the virus copies itself to the templates in the application, so that when new documents are created, they are infected with macro virus as well.
•Macro viruses can easily be spread when sent in an e-mail attachment.

b) File-infecting viruses
•They usually infect executable files, such as *.com, *.exe etc files.
•They may activate every time the infected file is executed by copying themselves into other executable files.
•They are also easily spread through e-mails & any file transfer system

c) Script viruses
•They are written programming languages such as VB Script & JavaScript
•The ILOVEYOU virus also known as the Love Bug, which overwrites *.jpg and *.mp3 files, is one of the most famous examples of a script virus.

d) Worms
•Worms are often combined with viruses.
•A worm is designed to spread from computer to computer.
•A worm does not necessarily need to be activated by user or program in order for it to replicate itself.
•For example, the Slammer worm, which targeted a known vulnerability in MS SQL Server database software, infected more than 70% of vulnerable computers worldwide within 10 minutes of its release on the Internet.
•(SQLSlammeris a computerwormthat caused a denial of service on some Internet hosts and dramatically slowed down general Internet traffic, starting at 05:30 UTC on January 25, 2003. It spread rapidly, infecting most of its 75,000 victims within ten minutes.)

e) Trojan Horse
•Unlikeviruses, Trojan horses do not replicate themselves but they can be just as destructive.
•Trojans can be employed by cyber-thieves and hackers trying to gain access to users' systems.
•Users are typically tricked by some form of social engineering into loading and executing Trojans on their systems.
•Once activated, Trojans can enable cyber-criminals to spy on you, steal your sensitive data, and gain backdoor access to your system.

f) Bots
•Bots are known as rebotsare a type of malicious code that can be covertly installed on your computer when attached to the Internet.
•It is an automated process that interacts with other network services.
•Bots often automate tasks and provide information or services that would otherwise be conducted by a human being.

E-Commerce Security

THE E-COMMERCE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT

•The Internet holds the promise of a huge, convenient, global marketplace, providing access to people, goods, services & businesses worldwide all at a bargain price for most law abiding citizens.•The Internet has created entirely new & lucrative ways to steal from the more than 1 billion consumers in the world on the Internet for criminals.•All the information ranging from products & services to cash to information is available on the Internet.•Stealing online is less risky. The Internet makes it possible to rob people remotely & anonymously in comparison with robbing a bank in person. The Internet allows you to download music for free & almost without risk in comparison of stealing a CD at a local record store.•The potential of anonymity on the Internet shows many criminals in legitimate-looking identities, allowing them to place fraudulent orders with online merchants, steal information by intercepting e-mail, or simply shut down e-commerce sites by using software viruses & swarm attacks.•The Internet was never designed keeping in mind as a global marketplace with billion users & lacks many basic security features in comparison with the telephone system or broadcast television networks.•In comparison with the telephone system, the Internet is an open, vulnerable –design network.

The Scope of the Problem

•Cybercrime is becoming a more significant problem for both organizations & consumers.•Despite of the increasing attention being paid to cybercrime, it is difficult to accurately estimate the actual amount of such crime because of the following reasons:•Companies fear of losing the trust of its consumers•Difficult to quantify the actual amount of the loss after the crime is reported.•The source of information to report cybercrimes is the Internet Crime Complaint Center(IC3) & Computer Security Institute’s annual Computer Crime & Security Survey. 

What is Good Security Environment?

•To achieve highest degree of security•New technologies•Organizational policies and procedures•Industry standards and government laws•Other factors•Time value of money•Cost of security vs. potential loss•Security often breaks at weakest link

The E-commerce Security Environment

•Overall size and losses of cybercrime unclear•Reporting issues•2008 CSI survey: 49% respondent firms detected security breach in last year•Of those that shared numbers, average loss $288,000•Underground economy marketplace•Stolen information stored on underground economy servers

Dimension of E-Commerce Security

•Integrity:ability to ensure that information being displayed on a Web site or transmitted/received over the Internet has not been altered in any way by an unauthorized party•Nonrepudiation:ability to ensure that e-commerce participants do not deny (repudiate) online actions•Authenticity:ability to identify the identity of a person or entity with whom you are dealing on the Internet•Confidentiality:ability to ensure that messages and data are available only to those authorized to view them•Privacy:ability to control use of information a customer provides about himself or herself to merchant•Availability:ability to ensure that an e-commerce site continues to function as intended

                                                                      

Daily Use Words Part4

                                         Daily Use Words Part4

CHAPTER – 12  OCCUPATIONS PROFESSIONS – ઓક્યુંપેસન પ્રોફેસન - ઘંઘા રોજગાર

CHAPTER – 13 PART OF BODY – પાર્ટ ઓફ બોડી – શરીર ના ભાગો

CHAPTER – 14 COLORS– કલર્સ – રંગ

CHAPTER – 15  METALS – મેટલ – ધાતુ

CHAPTER – 16  TOOLS – ટુલ્સ – ઓજાર

CHAPTER – 12 - DAILY USER WORD

OCUPATIONS PROFESSIONS – ઓક્યુંપેસન પ્રોફેસન  – ઘંઘા રોજગાર

          ACTOR                                                            એક્ટર                                                                     અભિનેતા

                ACTRESS                                                       એક્ટ્રેસ                                                                    અભિનેત્રી

                FIRE MAN                                                     ફાયર મેન                                                               આગ બંબાવાળો

                ENGINEER                                                   એન્જીનીયર                                                            ઈજનેર

                MASON                                                            મેસન                                                                      કડીયો

                GROCER                                                        ગ્રોસર ગાંધી                                                           કરીયાણાવાળો

                CONTRACTOR                                         કોન્ટ્રેક્ટર                                                                  ઠેકેદાર

                POET                                                                 પોયેટ                                                                      કવિ

                BUTCHER                                                     બુચર                                                                       કસાઈ

                CONFECTIONER                                    ક્ન્ફેસનર                                                                 કંદોઈ

                DRAPER                                                         ડ્રેપર                                                                        કાપડિયો

                CLERK                                                            ક્લાર્ક                                                                       કારકુન

                ARTISE                                                            આર્ટીસ્ટકલાકાર                                                      ચિત્રકાર

                ARTISAN                                                        આર્ટીસન                                                                 કારીગર

                POTTER                                                          પોટર                                                                       કુંભાર

                TREASURER                                              ટ્રેઝરર                                                                      ખજાનચી

                REPORTER                                                  રિપોર્ટર                                                                    ખબરપત્રી

                SAILOR                                                           સેઈલર                                                                    ખલાસી

                MINER                                                             મીનેર                                                                      ખાણિયો

                FARMER                                                        ફાર્મર                                                                       ખેડુત

                COACHMAN                                               કોચમેન                                                                   ગાડીવાળો

                SINGER                                                           સિંગર                                                                      ગાયક

                COWHERD                                                   કાવર્ડગોવાળિયો                                                     રબારી

                AUTHOR                                                        ઓથર ગ્રંથકાર                                                        લેખક

                DECORATOR                                             ડેકોરેટર                                                                   સુશોભનકાર શણગારનાર

                BUILDER                                                       બિલ્ડર                                                                     મકાન બાંધનાર

                PAINTER                                                        પેઈન્ટર                                                                   રંગારો ધંધાદારી ચિત્રકાર

                WATCH MAN                                              વોચમેન                                                                  ચોકીદાર

                PHOTOGRAPHER                                  ફોટોગ્રાફર                                                                છબી પાડનાર

                COMPOSITOR                                           કમ્પોઝીટર                                                              છાપખાના માં બીબા ગોઠવનાર

                RETAILER                                                    રીટેઈલર                                                                 છુટક માલ વહેચનાર

                DETECTIVE                                                ડીટેકટીવ                                                                 જાસૂસ છુપી પોલીસ

                MAGICIAN                                                   મેજીસીયન                                                             જાદુગર

                SPY                                                                      સ્પાઈ                                                                      જાસૂસ

                COBBLER                                                     કોબલર                                                                    મોચી જોડા સાંધનાર

                JEWELER                                                     જ્વેલર                                                                    ઝવેરી

                POST MAN                                                    પોસ્ટ મેન                                                                ટપાલી

                TYPIST                                                            ટાઈપીસ્ટ                                                                લખાણ ટાઈપ કરનાર

                DIVER                                                              ડાયવર                                                                   ડુબકી મારનાર

                TOBACCONIST                                        ટોબેકોનીસ્ટ                                                             તમાકુ નો વેપારી

                SORCERER                                                  સોરસેરર                                                                 તાંત્રિક

                TAILOR                                                           ટેઈલર                                                                     દરજી

                BROKER                                                        બ્રોકર                                                                       દલાલ

                COMPOUNDER                                        કમ્પાઉન્ડર                                                              દવાનું મિશ્રણ કરનાર

                DRUGGIST                                                   ડ્રગીસ્ટ                                                                     દવા વેચનાર

                DOCTOR                                                        ડોક્ટર                                                                      દાક્તર તબીબી વૈધ હકીમ

                BOOT LEGGER                                        બુટ લેગર                                                                ગેરકાઈદે દારૂ વેચનાર

                DENTIST                                                        ડેંન્ટીસ્ટ                                                                    દાત ના ડોક્ટર

                MILKMAN                                                    મીલ્ક્મેન                                                                 દુધવાળો

                MILKMAID                                                  મીલ્ક્મેઈડ                                                              દુધવાળી

                WASHERMAN                                            વોશરમેન                                                               ધોબી

                WASHERWOMEN                                   વોશરવુમન                                                            ધોબણ

                CARVER                                                         કાર્વેર                                                                       નકશી કામ કરનાર

                DRAFTSMAN                                             ડ્રાફ્ટમેન                                                                 નકશો દોરનાર

                NURSE                                                             નર્સ                                                                         નર્સ પરિચારિકા

                PLUMBER                                                     પ્લમ્બર                                                                   નળ પાઈપ ફીટીંગ કરનાર                 DRAMTIST                                                   ડ્રામાટીસ્ટ                                                                નાટક લખનાર

                INSPECTOR                                                ઇન્સ્પેક્ટર                                                                નિરીક્ષક

                JUDGE                                                             જ્જ                                                                          ન્યાયાધીશ

                DANCER                                                        ડાન્સર                                                                     નૃત્ય કરનાર

                PEON                                                                 પીયુન                                                                     પટાવાળો

                DRUMMER                                                  ડ્રમર                                                                        ઢોલી પડધમચી

                JAURNALIST                                             જર્નાલીસ્ટ                                                               પત્રકાર

                TOURIST                                                        ટુરીસ્ટ                                                                      પર્યટક યાત્રી પ્રવાસી

                EXAMINER                                                  એકઝામીનર                                                           પરીક્ષક

                PRIEST                                                            પ્રીસ્ટ                                                                       પાદરી

                BETEL SELLER                                       બેટલ સેલર                                                             પાન વેચનાર

                CARDER                                                        કાર્ડર                                                                        પીંજારો

                BOOK BINDER                                         બુક બાઈન્ડર                                                           પુસ્તક બાંધનાર

                BOOK SELLER                                         બુક સેલર                                                                પુસ્તક વિક્રેતા

                PUBLISHER                                                 પબ્લીસર                                                                પ્રકાશક

                SPECTATOR                                               સ્પેકટેટર                                                                  પ્રેક્ષક

                HAWKER                                                       હોકર                                                                        ફેરિયો

                BAKER                                                            બેકર                                                                        ભઠીયારી

                SHEPHERD                                                  સેફર્ડ                                                                        ભરવાડ

                BEGGAR                                                        બેગર                                                                       ભિખારી

                GUIDE                                                              ગાઈડ                                                                     ભોમિયો

                COOLI                                                              કુલી                                                                         મજુર

                FISHERMAN                                               ફીશરમેન                                                                માછીમાર

                FISH MONGER                                         ફીશ મોન્જર                                                            માછલા વેચનાર

                GARDENER                                                ગાર્ડનર                                                                   માળી

                ENAMELLER                                             ઇનેમીલર                                                                મુદ્રક

                SHOEMAKER                                            શુમેકર                                                                     મોચી

                MECHANIC                                                 મેકેનિક                                                                    યંત્ર નો કારીગર

                DYER                                                                ડાયર                                                                       રંગ કરનાર

                BLACK SMITH                                         બ્લેક સ્મીથ                                                             લુહાર

                STATIONER                                                 સ્ટેશનર                                                                   લેખન સામગ્રી વેચનાર

                IRONMONGER                                         આર્યન મોનજર                                                      લોખંડ વેચનાર

                ADVOCATE                                                 એડવોકેટ                                                                 વકીલ

                WEAVER                                                        વીવેર                                                                      વણકર

                ELECTRICIAN                                         ઈલેક્ટ્રીસીયન                                                        વીજ શક્તિ ને લગતું કામ

                PHYSICIAN                                                  ફીજીસીયન                                                             વૈદ

                MERCHANT                                                મર્ચન્ટ                                                                     વેપારી

                TEACHER                                                     ટીચર                                                                       શિક્ષક

                SCULPTOR                                                  સ્કલપટર                                                                 શિલ્પી

                SWEEPER                                                     સ્વીપર                                                                    સફાઈ કામદાર

                PERFUMER                                                 પરફ્યુમર                                                                સરૈયો અતર વાળો

                MUSICIAN                                                    મ્યુંઝીસીયન                                                           સંગીતકાર

                MESSENGER                                              મેસેન્જર                                                                  સંદેશા વાહક

                EDITOR                                                           એડિટર                                                                    સંપાદક

                CARPENTER                                              કારપેન્ટર                                                                સુથાર

                GOLDSMITH                                              ગોલ્ડસ્મીથ                                                             સોની

                BARBER                                                         બાર્બર                                                                      હજામ પુરુષ નો

                HAIR DRESSER                                       હેર ડ્રેસર                                                                  હજામ સ્ત્રી નો

                BOATMAN                                                    બોટમેન                                                                   હોળીવાળો

                                                                                                                                                                                મોટર બસ નો ચાલક

                                                                                                                                                                                વિમાન નો ચાલક

                                                                                                                                                                                વહાણ નો ચાલક

                                                                                                                                                                                કારખાના નો મિસ્ત્રી

CHAPTER – 13 - DAILY USER WORD

PART OF BODY – પાર્ટ ઓફ બોડી  – શરીર ના ભાગો 

          THUMB                                                            થમ્બ                                                                        અંગુઠો

                EYE                                                                     આઈ                                                                        આંખ

                FINGER                                                           ફિંગર                                                                       આંગળી હાથની

                TOE                                                                     ટો                                                                             આંગળી પગની

                HEEL                                                                 હિલ                                                                         એડી

                FOREHEAD                                                 ફોર હેડ                                                                     કપાળ

                WAIST                                                               વેસ્ટ                                                                         કમર કેડ

                SPINAL CORD                                           સ્પાઈનલ કોર્ડ                                                         કરોડ રજ્જુ

                EAR DRUM                                                  ઇઅર ડ્રમ                                                                કાનનો પડદો કર્ણ પટલ

                LIVER                                                               લીવર                                                                      કલેજું

                TONSIL                                                            ટોન્સિલ                                                                   કાકડો

                EAR                                                                    ઇઅર                                                                       કાન

                LOBE                                                                 લોબ                                                                        કાનની બુટ

                WRIST                                                              રીસ્ટ                                                                        કાંડું

                PUPIL                                                                પ્યુંપીલ                                                                   આંખ ની કીકી

                ELBOW                                                            એલ્બો                                                                      કોણી

                SHOULDER                                                  સોલ્ડર                                                                     ખંભો

                HUMP                                                                હમ્પ                                                                         ખુંધ

                SKULL                                                             સ્કલ                                                                         ખોપરી

                NECK                                                                નેક                                                                          ગરદન

                THROT                                                             થ્રોટ                                                                         ગળું

                UTERUS                                                          યુટરસ                                                                     ગર્ભાશય

                CHEEK                                                            ચીક                                                                         ગાલ

                KNEE                                                                ની                                                                           ઘુટણ ઢીચણ

                FACE                                                                 ફેસ                                                                          ચહેરો

                SKIN                                                                   સ્કીન                                                                       ચામડી ત્વચા

                CHIN                                                                  ચિન                                                                        ચિબુક હડપચી

                CHEST                                                              ચેસ્ટ                                                                         છાતી પુરુષ ની

                BREAST                                                          બ્રેસ્ટ                                                                         છાતી સ્ત્રી ની

                STOMACH                                                    સ્ટમક                                                                      જઠર હોજરી

                JAW                                                                     જો                                                                            જડબું

                THIGH                                                              થાઈ                                                                        જાંધ સાથળ

                TONGUE                                                        ટંગ                                                                          જીભ

                EYE BALL                                                    આઈ બોલ                                                               આંખ નો ડોળો

                FRECKLE                                                     ફ્રેકલ                                                                        તલ

                PALATE                                                          પેલેટ                                                                       તાળવું

                BEARD                                                             બીઅર્ડ                                                                     દાઢી

                TOOTH TEETH                                         ટુથ ટીથ                                                                  દાંત

                NAVEL                                                             નેવલ                                                                      નાભી ડુંટી

                TRUNK                                                            ટ્રંક                                                                           ધડ

                NAIL                                                                  નેઈલ                                                                      નખ

                VEIN                                                                  વેન                                                                         નસ

                NOSTRIL                                                        નોસ્ટ્રીલ                                                                   નસ્કોરું

                NOSE                                                                 નોઝ                                                                        નાક

                PULSE                                                              પલ્સ                                                                       નાડી

                BUTTOCK                                                    બટક                                                                        નિતંબ

                HIP                                                                       હીપ                                                                         ફૂલો

                RETINA                                                           રેટીના                                                                     નેત્રપટલ

                FOOT                                                                 ફૂટ                                                                           પગનો પંજો

                LEG                                                                    લેગ                                                                         પગ

                SOLE                                                                  સોલ                                                                        પગનું તળિયું

                EYELASH                                                      આઈ લેસ                                                                આંખ ની પાપણ

                RIB                                                                      રીબ                                                                         પાંસળી

                BACK                                                                બેક                                                                          પીઠ બરડો

                BELLY                                                              બેલી                                                                        પેટ બહારથી

                ABDOMEN                                                    એબ્ડોમેન                                                                પેટ ઉદર

                GUM                                                                   ગમ                                                                         પેઢું અવાળું

                EYELID                                                           આઈ લિડ                                                                પોપચું

                LUNG                                                                લંગ                                                                         ફેફસું

                ARMPIT                                                          આર્મ પીટ                                                                બગલ

                SPLEEN                                                           સ્પ્લીન                                                                    બરોડ

                ARM                                                                   આર્મ                                                                        બાહુ આખો હાથ

                EYE BROW                                                  આઈ બ્રો                                                                  ભમર ભવું

                BRAIN                                                              બ્રેઈન                                                                      મગજ

                NERVE                                                             નર્વ                                                                         જ્ઞાનતંતુ

                HEAD                                                                હેડ                                                                           માથું

                MOUTH                                                           માઉથ                                                                     મુખ મોઢું

                ANKLE                                                            અઁકલ                                                                      ઘુંટી

                FIST                                                                    ફીસ્ટ                                                                        મુઠી

                MOUSTACHE                                             મૂસ્ટાશ                                                                    મૂછ

                KIDNEY                                                          કીડની                                                                     મુત્રપિંડ

                FAT                                                                      ફેટ                                                                           મેદ ચરબી

                BLOOD                                                             બ્લડ                                                                        લોહી

                HAIR                                                                  હેર                                                                           વાળ

                KNUCKLE                                                    નકલ                                                                       વેઢો હાથનો

                WIND PIPE                                                   વિન્ડ પાઈપ                                                           શ્વાસનળી

                MUSALE                                                         મસલ                                                                      સ્નાયુ

                PALM                                                                પામ                                                                        હથેળી

                BONE                                                                 બોન                                                                        હાડકું

                SKELETON                                                  સ્કેલેટન                                                                   હાડપિંજર

                HAND                                                                હેન્ડ                                                                          હાથ

                HEART                                                             હાર્ટ                                                                          હદય

                LIP                                                                       લીપ                                                                        હોઠ

                                                 

CHAPTER – 14 - DAILY USER WORD

COLOURS – કલર્સ – રંગ  

          SKY BLUE                                                     સ્કાઈ બ્લુ                                                                 આસમાની

                BLACK                                                            બ્લેક                                                                        કાળો

                SAFFRON                                                      સેફ્રોન                                                                      કેસરી

                ROSE                                                                 રોઝ                                                                         ગુલાબી

                PURPLE                                                          પર્પલ                                                                      જાંબુડીયો

                ORANGE                                                        ઓરેન્જ                                                                    નારંગી

                GRAY GREY                                               ગ્રે                                                                             ભૂખરો

                ASH                                                                     એશ                                                                         રાખોડી

                GREEN                                                            ગ્રીન                                                                        લીલો

                PINK                                                                  પિંક                                                                         આછો ગુલાબી

                BROWN                                                           બ્રાઉન                                                                     કથ્થાઈ બદામી

                WHITE                                                             વાઈટ                                                                      સફેદ ધોળો

                RED                                                                    રેડ                                                                           લાલ

                MAROON                                                       મરુન                                                                       કિરમજી

                VIOLET                                                           વાયોલેટ                                                                 જાંબલી

                MAUVE                                                           મોવ                                                                        ફીકો જાંબુડીયો

                YELLOW                                                        યલો                                                                        પીળો

                BLUE                                                                 બ્લુ                                                                          ભૂરો

                INDIGO                                                            ઇન્ડીગો                                                                   ઘેરો વાદળી

CHAPTER – 15 - DAILY USER WORD

METALS – મેટલ – ધાતુ  

          MICA                                                                 માઈકા                                                                    અબરખ

                ALUMINIUM                                              એલ્યુમીનીયમ                                                       એલ્યુમીનીયમ

                TIN                                                                      ટીન                                                                         કલાઈ

                BRONZE                                                         બ્રોન્ઝ                                                                       કાંસુ

                SILVER                                                            સિલ્વર                                                                    ચાંદી

                ZINK                                                                  ઝીંક                                                                         જસત

                COPPER                                                          કોપર                                                                       તાંબુ

                MERCURY                                                    મર્ક્યુરી                                                                    પારો

                BRASS                                                              બ્રાસ                                                                        પીતળ

                STEEL                                                              સ્ટીલ                                                                       પોલાદ

                IRON                                                                  આયર્ન                                                                    લોખંડ

                PLATINUM                                                   પ્લેટીનીયમ                                                            પ્લેટીનીયમ

                GOLD                                                                ગોલ્ડ                                                                       સોનું

                MANGANESE                                            મેંગેનીઝ                                                                 મેંગેનીઝ

                URANIUM                                                     યુરેનિયમ                                                                યુરેનિયમ

                LEAD                                                                 લેડ                                                                          સીસું

                WHITE METAL                                        વાઈટ મેટલ                                                            વાઈટ મેટલ

CHAPTER – 16 - DAILY USER WORD

TOOLS – ટુલ્સ – ઓજાર  

          RAZOR                                                             રેઝર                                                                        અસ્ત્રો

                SAW                                                                    સો                                                                            આરી કરવત

                ANVIL                                                              એન્વિલ                                                                   એરણ

                SCISSOORS                                                  સીઝર્સ                                                                     કાતર

                FILE                                                                   ફાઈલ                                                                      કાનસ

                AXE                                                                    એક્સ                                                                       કુહાડી

                SPADE                                                              સ્પેડ                                                                         કોદાળી

                PEN KNIFE                                                  પેન નાઈફ                                                              ચપ્પુ

                PINCERS                                                        પીન્સર્ઝ                                                                   ચીપિયો સાણસી

                KNIFE                                                               નાઈફ                                                                      છરી

                LANCET                                                         લાન્સિટ                                                                   છરી ડોક્ટર ની

                SICKLE                                                           સિકલ                                                                      દાતરડું

                RAKE                                                                રેક                                                                           દાતી પંજેરો

                BELLOWS                                                     બેલોઝ                                                                     ધમણ

                PLIERS                                                            પ્લાયર્સ                                                                   પક્કડ

                SPADE                                                              સ્પેડ                                                                         પાવડો

                SYRINGE                                                       સિરીંજ                                                                     પિચકારી

                CHISEL                                                            ચીઝલ                                                                     ફરસી

                BLOW PIPE                                                  બ્લો પાઈપ                                                             ભૂંગળી ફૂકણી

                FISHING ROD                                            ફિશિંગ રોડ                                                              માછલા પકડવાની લાકડી

                PLANE                                                             પ્લેન                                                                       રંધો

                DRILL                                                               ડ્રીલ                                                                         શારડી

                DISHMIS                                                         ડીસમીસ                                                                 સ્ક્રુ ફેરવવાનું સાધન

                SCREW DRIVER                                     સ્ક્રુ ડ્રાઈવર                                                              સ્ક્રુ ફેરવવાનું સાધન

                HAMMER                                                      હેમર                                                                        હથોડી

                PLOUGH                                                         પ્લાંઉ                                                                       હળ

                PLOUGH SHARE                                     પ્લાંઉ શર                                                                હળપુણી કોશ